Lit. “the god”; now considered the Islamic proper name for God.

Birthplace of Islam; includes not only modern Saudi Arabia, but the other "Gulf States".

Lit. “miracle, sign from God”; refers to individual verses of the Qur’an.

Islamic “call to prayer”; called out from mosques (traditionally from the minaret) five times a day, calling on Muslims to perform their ritual prayer (salat).

Innovation which is prohibited. Sunni Muslims have generally believed that this means that since the tenth century the door of ijtihad was closed and there could be no further development in Shari’a.

Lit. “successor”; leader of the Muslim community after Muhammad’s death; from the Arabic word khalifa (lit. “representative, delegate”), implying that Caliphs were representatives of God and successors of the prophet Muhammad, rather than rulers with independent authority.

Witness and invitation - the first dimention of Muslim mission.

The region of peace that is under the rule of the Musilims.

This is the second dimention of Muslim mission. This is the political and territorial mission of ummah.

The status of protected communities Christians and Jewish people were given when half the Christian population on earth had come under Muslim rule.